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overwhelming research: Kutzler MA. (2020). Possible Relationship between Long-Term Adverse Health Effects of Gonad-Removing Surgical Sterilization and Luteinizing Hormone in Dogs. Animals (Basel). doi: 10.3390/ani10040599. 
See also: Hart LA, Hart BL, Thigpen AP. (2023) Decision-Making on Recommended Age of Spay/Neuter for a Specific Dog: General Principles and Cultural Complexities. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. Sep;53(5):1209-1221. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.005. 37330274.
See also: Zink C, Delgado MM, Stella JL. (2023). Vasectomy and ovary-sparing spay in dogs: comparison of health and behavior outcomes with gonadectomized and sexually intact dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. doi: 10.2460/javma.22.08.0382.
See also: Kokopelli Assisted Reproductive Service. Alternatives to Spaying and Neutering with Dr. Michelle A. Kutzler. Accessed January 2024. www.kokopellivet.net
See also: Kutzler MA. (2020). Gonad-Sparing Surgical Sterilization in Dogs. Frontiers in. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.00342/full
See also: Torres de la Riva G, Hart BL, Farver TB, Oberbauer AM, Messam LL, Willits N, Hart LA. (2013). Neutering dogs: effects on joint disorders and cancers in golden retrievers. PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055937.
See also: Joonè CJ, Konovalov DA. (2023). The effect of neuter status on longevity in the Rottweiler dog. Sci Rep. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45128-w.
See also: Salmeri KR, Bloomberg MS, Scruggs SL, Shille V. (1991). Gonadectomy in immature dogs: effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development. J Am Vet Med Assoc. PMID: 2045340.
See also: McGreevy PD, Wilson B, Starling MJ, Serpell JA (2018) Behavioural risks in male dogs with minimal lifetime exposure to gonadal hormones may complicate population-control benefits of desexing. PLoS ONE 13(5): e0196284. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196284
See also: Hart BL, Hart LA, Thigpen AP, Willits NH. (2014). Long-term health effects of neutering dogs: comparison of Labrador Retrievers with Golden Retrievers. PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102241.
See also: Marvel SJ. (2022). Concepts in Sterilization. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.11.003
See also: Farhoody P, Zink MC. (2010) Behavioral and physical effects of spaying and neutering domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Master’s Thesis, Hunter College, pp 1–4.
See also: Hart BL, Hart LA, Thigpen AP, Willits NH. (2020). Assisting Decision-Making on Age of Neutering for 35 Breeds of Dogs: Associated Joint Disorders, Cancers, and Urinary Incontinence. Front. Vet. Sci.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00388
See also: Beauvais W, Cardwell JM, Brodbelt DC. The effect of neutering on the risk of mammary tumours in dogs--a systematic review. J Small Anim Pract. 2012 Jun;53(6):314-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01220.x. PMID: 22647210.
See also: Hart LA, Hart BL. (2021). An Ancient Practice but a New Paradigm: Personal Choice for the Age to Spay or Neuter a Dog. Frontiers in. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.603257/full

other functions: Zink C, Delgado MM, Stella JL. (2023). Vasectomy and ovary-sparing spay in dogs: comparison of health and behavior outcomes with gonadectomized and sexually intact dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. doi: 10.2460/javma.22.08.0382.
See also: Kokopelli Assisted Reproductive Service. Alternatives to Spaying and Neutering with Dr. Michelle A. Kutzler. Accessed January 2024. www.kokopellivet.net

growth plates: Zink C. (2018). Gonadectomy - Rethinking Long-Held Beliefs. Canine Sports Productions. https://caninesports.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/CSP-Gonadectomy-Rethinking.pdf

ever. Kokopelli Assisted Reproductive Service. Alternatives to Spaying and Neutering with Dr. Michelle A. Kutzler. Accessed January 2024. www.kokopellivet.net

research reviewed: Hart BL, Hart LA, Thigpen AP, Willits NH. (2020). Assisting Decision-Making on Age of Neutering for 35 Breeds of Dogs: Associated Joint Disorders, Cancers, and Urinary Incontinence. Front. Vet. Sci.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00388
See also: Hart LA, Hart BL, Thigpen AP. (2023) Decision-Making on Recommended Age of Spay/Neuter for a Specific Dog: General Principles and Cultural Complexities. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. Sep;53(5):1209-1221. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.005. 37330274.
See also: Zink C. (2018). Gonadectomy - Rethinking Long-Held Beliefs. Canine Sports Productions. https://caninesports.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/CSP-Gonadectomy-Rethinking.pdf
See also: Kokopelli Assisted Reproductive Service. Alternatives to Spaying and Neutering with Dr. Michelle A. Kutzler. Accessed January 2024. www.kokopellivet.net
See also: Kutzler MA. (2023). Understanding the effects of sustained supraphysiologic concentrations of luteinizing hormone in gonadectomized dogs: What we know and what we still need to learn. Theriogenology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.11.007
See also: Azkona G, García-Belenguer S, Chacón G, Rosado B, León M, Palacio J. (2009). Prevalence and risk factors of behavioural changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in geriatric dogs. J Small Anim Pract. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00718.x. 

Published studies: Beauvais W, Cardwell JM, Brodbelt DC. (2012). The effect of neutering on the risk of mammary tumours in dogs--a systematic review. J Small Anim Pract. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01220.x. 

devastating cancers: Kokopelli Assisted Reproductive Service. Alternatives to Spaying and Neutering with Dr. Michelle A. Kutzler. Accessed January 2024. www.kokopellivet.net
See also: Nicholberry’s Ask the Expert with Dr. Bruce Christensen. Episode 8. (2023). https://youtu.be/9xhvXaclJUg

Rottweilers: McGlasson M. (2022). Webinars: Debunking Pet Insurance with Matt McGlasson. DVM360. https://www.dvm360.com/view/debunking-pet-insurance-with-matt-mcglasson

testicular or ovarian cancer: McEntee MC. (2002). Reproductive oncology. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. doi: 10.1053/svms.2002.34642. 

arguably live: Zink C, Delgado MM, Stella JL. (2023). Vasectomy and ovary-sparing spay in dogs: comparison of health and behavior outcomes with gonadectomized and sexually intact dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. doi: 10.2460/javma.22.08.0382.

best options: Lee SS, Lee SY, Park SJ, et al. (2013). Comparison of ovariectomy and ovariohysterectomy in terms of postoperative pain behavior and surgical stress in dogs. J Vet Clin. https://www.e-jvc.org/journal/download_pdf.php?spage=166&volume=30&number=3
See also: Clinician’s Brief (2014). Ovariohysterectomy vs Ovariectomy. Clinician’s Brief. https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/ovariohysterectomy-vs-ovariectomy

OSS: Zink C, Delgado MM, Stella JL. (2023). Vasectomy and ovary-sparing spay in dogs: comparison of health and behavior outcomes with gonadectomized and sexually intact dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. doi: 10.2460/javma.22.08.0382.

alarming cancer data: Hart BL, Hart LA, Thigpen AP, Willits NH. (2020). Assisting Decision-Making on Age of Neutering for 35 Breeds of Dogs: Associated Joint Disorders, Cancers, and Urinary Incontinence. Front. Vet. Sci.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00388
See also: Hart LA, Hart BL, Thigpen AP. (2023) Decision-Making on Recommended Age of Spay/Neuter for a Specific Dog: General Principles and Cultural Complexities. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. Sep;53(5):1209-1221. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.005. 37330274.

new products: Gontier A, Youala M, Fontaine C, Raibon E, Fournel S, Briantais P, Rigaut D. (2022). Efficacy and Safety of 4.7 mg Deslorelin Acetate Implants in Suppressing Oestrus Cycle in Prepubertal Female Dogs. Animals (Basel). doi: 10.3390/ani12243504. 

male dogs develop fertility: Harvey ND. (2021). How Old Is My Dog? Identification of Rational Age Groupings in Pet Dogs Based Upon Normative Age-Linked Processes. Front Vet Sci. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643085. 

female dogs:  Harvey ND. (2021). How Old Is My Dog? Identification of Rational Age Groupings in Pet Dogs Based Upon Normative Age-Linked Processes. Front Vet Sci. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643085. 

specialized chamber: Kokocińska-Kusiak A, Woszczyło M, Zybala M, Maciocha J, Barłowska K, Dzięcioł M. (2021). Canine Olfaction: Physiology, Behavior, and Possibilities for Practical Applications. Animals (Basel). doi: 10.3390/ani11082463. 

cycle: Jochle W, Andersen A. (1977). The estrous cycle in the dog: A review. Theriogenology. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(77)90240-0

pyometra: Hagman R. Small Animal Theriogenology. Elsevier, 2023. 1223.

pseudopregnancy: Root AL, Parkin TD, Hutchison P, Warnes C, Yam PS. 2018. Canine pseudopregnancy: an evaluation of prevalence and current treatment protocols in the UK. BMC Vet Res. doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1493-1. 

Normal gums: EVCC. Pale Gums in Dogs: What Does it Mean? Emergency Veterinary Care Centers. Accessed January 2024. https://evcc.com/blog/pale-gums-in-dogs/

For all dogs: Kokopelli Assisted Reproductive Service. Alternatives to Spaying and Neutering with Dr. Michelle A. Kutzler. Accessed January 2024. www.kokopellivet.net

stump pyometra: Owen MA, Sirr CG, Albright JD, Fransson BA. (2023). Canine laparoscopic-assisted ovary-sparing hysterectomy does not increase risk of stump pyometra. J Am Vet Med Assoc. doi: 10.2460/javma.22.12.0539. 

increases the risk: Hart BL, Hart LA, Thigpen AP, Willits NH. (2020). Assisting Decision-Making on Age of Neutering for 35 Breeds of Dogs: Associated Joint Disorders, Cancers, and Urinary Incontinence. Front. Vet. Sci.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00388
See also: Hart LA, Hart BL, Thigpen AP. (2023) Decision-Making on Recommended Age of Spay/Neuter for a Specific Dog: General Principles and Cultural Complexities. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. Sep;53(5):1209-1221. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.005. 37330274.