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most impressionable: Tiira K. (2019). Resilience In Dogs? Lessons From Other Species. Vet Med (Auckl). doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S189566.

most vulnerable: Pereira M, Valério-Bolas A, Saraiva-Marques C, Alexandre-Pires G, Pereira da Fonseca I, Santos-Gomes G. (2019). Development of Dog Immune System: From in Uterus to Elderly. Vet Sci. doi: 10.3390/vetsci6040083. 

parvovirus: Nandi S, Kumar M. (2010). Canine parvovirus: current perspective. Indian J Virol. doi: 10.1007/s13337-010-0007-y. 

begins to wear off: Pereira M, Valério-Bolas A, Saraiva-Marques C, Alexandre-Pires G, Pereira da Fonseca I, Santos-Gomes G. (2019). Development of Dog Immune System: From in Uterus to Elderly. Vet Sci. doi: 10.3390/vetsci6040083.

small intestine: Nandi S, Kumar M. (2010). Canine parvovirus: current perspective. Indian J Virol. doi: 10.1007/s13337-010-0007-y. 

no cure: Mazzaferro EM. (2020). Update on Canine Parvoviral Enteritis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.008. 

some parasites: Garanayak N, Gupta AR, Patra RC. (2017). Successful therapeutic management of canine Isosporosis in puppies. J Parasit Dis. doi: 10.1007/s12639-015-0747-0. Epub 2016 Jan 27.
See also: Boucard AS, Thomas M, Lebon W, Polack B, Florent I, Langella P, Bermúdez-Humarán LG. (2021). Age and Giardia intestinalis Infection Impact Canine Gut Microbiota. Microorganisms. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9091862. 

biological receptivity: Tiira K. (2019). Resilience In Dogs? Lessons From Other Species. Vet Med (Auckl). doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S189566. 

lacking proper socialization: Peterson ME, Kutzler MA. Canine Behavioral Development. Small Animal Pediatrics. Saunders, 2011. 97-99.
See also: Puurunen, J., Hakanen, E., Salonen, M.K. et al. (2020). Inadequate socialisation, inactivity, and urban living environment are associated with social fearfulness in pet dogs. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60546-w
See also: Vaterlaws-Whiteside H, Hartmann A. (2017). Improving puppy behavior using a new standardized socialization program. Applied Animal Behavior Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.08.003

first line of defense: Steimer T. (2002). The biology of fear- and anxiety-related behaviors. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience.DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.3/tsteimer

synaptic connections: Dehasse, J. (1994). Sensory, Emotional and Social Development of the Young Dog. The Bulletin for Veterinary Clinical Ethology. http://www.joeldehasse.com/articles/a-english/puppy.html

Pavlov: Clark RE. (2004). The classical origins of Pavlov’s conditioning. Integr. psych. behav. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02734167

single exposure: Stolzlechner L, Bonorand A, Riemer S. (2022). Optimising Puppy Socialisation - Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Training Programme during the Early Socialisation Period. Animals. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223067
See also: Sinn L. (2019). Puppy & Kitten Socialization. Clinician’s Brief. https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/puppy-kitten-socialization

nervous system is wired for fear: van den Berg L.The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior And Interactions With People. 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2015.
See also: Vaterlaws-Whiteside H, Hartmann A. (2017). Improving puppy behavior using a new standardized socialization program. Applied Animal Behavior Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.08.003
See also: Sinn L. (2019). Puppy & Kitten Socialization. Clinician’s Brief. https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/puppy-kitten-socialization

synaptic pruning: Colman, S. (2020). The Biology of Early Learning. Whole Dog Journal. https://www.whole-dog-journal.com/training/the-biology-of-early-learning/

negative associations: Case L. (2017). Do Dogs Have a Negativity Bias? The Science Dog. https://thesciencedog.com/2017/07/18/do-dogs-have-a-negativity-bias/
See also: Huber A, Barber ALA, Faragó T, Müller CA, Huber L. (2017).  Investigating emotional contagion in dogs (Canis familiaris) to emotional sounds of humans and conspecifics. Anim Cogn. doi: 10.1007/s10071-017-1092-8. 

bounce back: AKC Staff. (2022). Creativity & Critical Timing Are Key To Puppy Socialization. American Kennel Club. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/puppy-information/creativity-and-timing-key-to-puppy-socialization
See also: Howell T, King T, Bennett P. (2015) Puppy parties and beyond: the role of early age socialization practices on adult dog behavior. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S62081

doors remain open: Hale A. (2021). Dog Centred Care: The Emotional Experience of Dogs and their caregivers. https://www.facebook.com/groups/dogcc/posts/1211701976010019/

doesn’t make learning connections: Serpell J, Duffy DL, Jagoe JA. The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior And Interactions With People. 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2015. 98-99.

strong feelings of fear. Serpell J, Duffy DL, Jagoe JA. The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior And Interactions With People. 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2015. 99-100.
See also: K. Collins et al. (2022). Behavioral rehabilitation of extremely fearful dogs: Report on the efficacy of a treatment protocol. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105689
See also: Sinn L. (2019). Puppy & Kitten Socialization. Clinician’s Brief. https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/puppy-kitten-socialization
See also: Panksepp J. (2005). Affective consciousness: Core emotional feelings in animals and humans. Conscious Cogn. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2004.10.004. 

layer an experience: Serpell J, Duffy DL, Jagoe JA. The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior And Interactions With People. 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2015. 96.

flooding: Reisner, I. The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior And Interactions With People. 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2015. 221.
See also: Monteny J, Moons CPH. (2020). A Treatment Plan for Dogs (Canis familiaris) That Show Impaired Social Functioning towards Their Owners. Animals (Basel). doi: 10.3390/ani10010161.
See also: American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior. Position statement and handouts (for the public). AVSAB website. Accessed January 2024. https://avsab.org/resources/position-statements

socialization: American Veterinary Medical Association. Socialization of dogs and cats. https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animal-health-and-welfare/socialization-dogs-and-cats
See also: American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior. Position statement and handouts (for the public). AVSAB website. Accessed January 2024. https://avsab.org/resources/position-statements

profound mistake: Serpell J, Duffy DL, Jagoe JA. The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior And Interactions With People. 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2015. 100.

singular most important: Serpell J, Duffy DL, Jagoe JA. The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior And Interactions With People. 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2015.103.

visual cortex: Peterson ME, Kutzler MA. (2011). Canine Behavioral Development. Small Animal Pediatrics. Saunders, 2011. 97-98.

Dog Parks: Chen S, Wu Z, Sleipness OR, Wang H. (2022). Benefits and Conflicts: A Systematic Review of Dog Park Design and Management Strategies. Animals (Basel). doi: 10.3390/ani12172251.

private fields: www.sniffspot.com

social club: see www.dogppl.co

visual cortex: Peterson ME, Kutzler MA. (2011). Canine Behavioral Development. Small Animal Pediatrics. Saunders, 2011. 97-98

parvo: Nandi S, Kumar M. (2010). Canine parvovirus: current perspective. Indian J Virol.doi: 10.1007/s13337-010-0007-y. Epub 2010 Sep 3. 

first fear period: Sinn L. (2019). Puppy & Kitten Socialization. Clinician’s Brief. https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/puppy-kitten-socialization
See also: Summerfield J. (2016). The Dark Side of Socialization: Fear Periods and Single Event Learning. Dr. Jen’s Dog Blog. https://www.drjensdogblog.com/the-dark-side-of-socialization-fear-periods-and-single-event-learning/

the “first” fear period: Morrow M, Ottobre J, Ottobre A, Neville P, St-Pierre N, Dreschel N, Pate JL. (2015). Breed-dependent differences in the onset of fear-related avoidance behavior in puppies. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.03.002

single event learning: Sinn L. (2019). Puppy & Kitten Socialization. Clinician’s Brief. https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/puppy-kitten-socialization
See also: Summerfield J. (2016). The Dark Side of Socialization: Fear Periods and Single Event Learning. Dr. Jen’s Dog Blog. https://www.drjensdogblog.com/the-dark-side-of-socialization-fear-periods-and-single-event-learning/

counteracting: Reisner, I. The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior And Interactions With People. 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2015. 217-220.