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reflexively responding out of stress: Ulrich-Lai YM, Herman JP. (2009). Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses. Nat Rev Neurosci. doi: 10.1038/nrn2647. 

manipulated genetically: Dutrow EV, Serpell JA, Ostrander EA. (2022). Domestic dog lineages reveal genetic drivers of behavioral diversification. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.003

debunked: Reisner, I. The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior And Interactions With People. 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2015. 213.
See also: Miller P. (2019). Exerting “dominance” over your dog is the wrong way to build a good relationship. Whole Dog Journal. https://www.animalhealthfoundation.org/blog/2019/11/debunking-the-alpha-dog-theory

dominance theory: ibid.
See also: Ziv G. (2017). The effects of using aversive training methods in dogs - A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2017.02.004

first fourteen weeks: Stolzlechner L, Bonorand A, Riemer S. (2022). Optimising Puppy Socialisation - Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Training Programme during the Early Socialisation Period. Animals. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223067

parts per trillion: Molteni M. (2018). The science of the sniff: why dogs are great disease detectors. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/the-science-of-the-sniff-why-dogs-are-great-disease-detectors/

research reveals: Inglis, I.R. (2017). Contrafreeloading. In: Vonk, J., Shackelford, T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1592-1

memory consolidation: Hecht J. (2017). Memory Wins When Dogs Sleep. Scientific American. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/dog-spies/memory-wins-when-dogs-sleep/
See also: Kis A, Gergely A, Galambos Á, Abdai J, Gombos F, Bódizs R, Topál J. (2017). Sleep macrostructure is modulated by positive and negative social experience in adult pet dogs. Proc Biol Sci. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1883. 

researchers believe: Kis A, Gergely A, Galambos Á, Abdai J, Gombos F, Bódizs R, Topál J. (2017). Sleep macrostructure is modulated by positive and negative social experience in adult pet dogs. Proc Biol Sci. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1883. 

older dogs: Kis A, Gergely A, Galambos Á, Abdai J, Gombos F, Bódizs R, Topál J. (2017). Sleep macrostructure is modulated by positive and negative social experience in adult pet dogs. Proc Biol Sci. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1883. 

extending our hand: Welch W. (2020). Should You Let a New Dog Sniff Your Hand? https://info.hshv.org/should-you-let-a-new-dog-sniff-your-hand-you-may-be-surprised/

genetically coded: Riemer S, Heritier C, Windschnurer I, Pratsch L, Arhant C, Affenzeller N. (2021). A Review on Mitigating Fear and Aggression in Dogs and Cats in a Veterinary Setting. Animals. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/1/158

here’s what we know: Peterson ME, Kutzler MA. (2011). Canine Behavioral Development. Small Animal Pediatrics. Saunders, 2011. 97-101.
See also: Puurunen J, Hakanen E, Salonen MK et al. (2020). Inadequate socialisation, inactivity, and urban living environment are associated with social fearfulness in pet dogs. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60546-w
See also: Croney C, Pietraniec A, Shreyer T. Basics of Socialization. Purdue University. https://vet.purdue.edu/discovery/croney/files/documents/socialization.pdf
See also: Vaterlaws-Whiteside H, Hartmann A. (2017). Improving puppy behavior using a new standardized socialization program. Applied Animal Behavior Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.08.003
See also: Majecka K, Pasiek M, Pietraszewski D, Smith C. (2020). Behavioural outcomes of housing for domestic dog puppies (Canis lupus familiaris). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168159119301613
See also: Buttner AP, Strasser R. (2022). Extreme life histories are associated with altered social behavior and cortisol levels in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behavior Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105693

older pups: Lillard AS, Erisir A. (2011) Old Dogs Learning New Tricks: Neuroplasticity Beyond the Juvenile Period. Dev Rev. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2011.07.008. PMID: 24648605
predictive organs: Barrett LF. (2021). Your Brain Predicts (Almost) Everything You Do. Mindful. https://www.mindful.org/your-brain-predicts-almost-everything-you-do/