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after one exposure: Martin K, Horwitz D, Landsberg G. Fears and Phobias in Dogs - Animals and People. VCA Animal Hospitals. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/fears-and-phobias-in-dogs---animals-and-people

a dog discerns its individual ingredients: Gazit I, Goldblatt A, Grinstein D, Terkel J. (2021). Dogs can detect the individual odors in a mixture of explosives. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105212

one part per trillion: Molteni M. (2018). The science of the sniff: why dogs are great disease detectors. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/the-science-of-the-sniff-why-dogs-are-great-disease-detectors/

space in a dog’s brain: Kokocińska-Kusiak A, Woszczyło M, Zybala M, Maciocha J, Barłowska K, Dzięcioł M. (2021). Canine Olfaction: Physiology, Behavior, and Possibilities for Practical Applications. Animals (Basel). doi: 10.3390/ani11082463. 

as tiring as a vigorous walk: Johnstone G. (2022). Do Dogs Sniff to Get Their ‘Social Media’ Fix? American Kennel Club. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/is-sniffing-a-dog-s-version-of-social-media/
See also: Menteith C. All About Your Dog’s Sense of Smell. Purina. https://www.purina.co.uk/articles/dogs/behaviour/understanding-dogs/dog-sense-of-smell.

strong biological drive to stay close; prone to wander: Asher L, England GCW, Sommerville R, Harvey ND. (2020). Teenage dogs? Evidence for adolescent-phase conflict behaviour and an association between attachment to humans and pubertal timing in the domestic dog. Biol Lett. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0097. 

most affected by this were humans: Cima, G. (2020). Pig ears still a Salmonella risk despite interventions. JAVMA News. https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2020-02-01/pig-ears-still-salmonella-risk-despite-interventions

intentional counterconditioning: Gibeault, S. (2024). Teach Your Dog to Ride in the Car: Preventing Anxiety and Motion Sickness. American Kennel Club. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/travel/teach-dog-ride-car-prevent-anxiety/

approximates that of an adult. Charles, MS, Fuller, JL. (1956). Developmental study of the electroencephalogram of the dog. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(56)90091-8

cortisol levels: Ng Z et al. (2014). The effect of dog-human interaction on cortisol and behavior in registered animal-assisted activity dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.07.009
See also: Salgirli Demirbas, Y., Isparta, S., Saral, B. et al. (2023). Acute and chronic stress alter behavioral laterality in dogs. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31213-7